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photovotaics yog dab tsi?

2022-12-22

Photovoltaics yog kev hloov pauv ncaj qha ntawm lub teeb rau hauv hluav taws xob ntawm qib atomic. Qee cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm cov cuab yeej hu ua cov nyhuv photoelectric uas ua rau lawv nqus photons ntawm lub teeb thiab tso tawm electrons. Thaum cov electrons dawb no raug ntes, ib qho hluav taws xob tam sim no tuaj yeem siv los ua hluav taws xob.

Cov nyhuv photoelectric thawj zaug tau sau tseg los ntawm Fabkis tus kws kho mob, Edmund Bequerel, xyoo 1839, uas pom tias qee yam khoom siv yuav tsim hluav taws xob me me thaum raug teeb. Xyoo 1905, Albert Einstein tau piav qhia txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub teeb thiab cov txiaj ntsig photoelectric uas yog siv tshuab photovoltaic, uas tom qab ntawd nws yeej ib qho khoom plig Nobel hauv physics. Thawj photovoltaic module tau tsim los ntawm Tswb Laboratories hauv xyoo 1954. Nws tau them nqi raws li lub hnub ci roj teeb thiab feem ntau tsuas yog xav paub vim tias nws kim heev kom tau txais kev siv dav. Nyob rau xyoo 1960, kev lag luam chaw tau pib ua thawj zaug siv cov thev naus laus zis los muab lub zog rau lub dav hlau dav hlau. Los ntawm cov kev pab cuam ntawm qhov chaw, cov cuab yeej siv siab heev, nws txoj kev ntseeg tau raug tsim, thiab tus nqi pib poob qis. Thaum lub sij hawm muaj teeb meem hluav taws xob hauv xyoo 1970, photovoltaic thev naus laus zis tau txais kev lees paub tias yog lub zog siv hluav taws xob rau cov ntawv thov tsis muaj chaw.

Daim duab saum toj no qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cell photovoltaic, tseem hu ua lub hnub ci cell. Lub hnub ci hlwb yog tsim los ntawm tib yam ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor, xws li silicon, siv hauv kev lag luam microelectronics. Rau lub hnub ci hlwb, nyias semiconductor wafer tshwj xeeb yog kho los ua ib qho hluav taws xob, zoo ntawm ib sab thiab tsis zoo rau lwm qhov. Thaum lub teeb hluav taws xob tawm tsam lub hnub ci cell, electrons raug kaw los ntawm cov atoms hauv cov khoom siv semiconductor. Yog tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuas nrog rau qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo, tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ntes tau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no - uas yog, hluav taws xob. Cov hluav taws xob no tuaj yeem siv los ua lub zog thauj khoom, xws li lub teeb lossis lub cuab yeej.

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub hnub ci hluav taws xob txuas rau ib leeg thiab mounted nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txhawb nqa qauv los yog ncej yog hu ua photovoltaic module. Modules yog tsim los muab hluav taws xob ntawm qee qhov hluav taws xob, xws li 12 volts system. Cov khoom tam sim no yog ncaj qha nyob ntawm seb lub teeb tawm tsam lub module.

Niaj hnub no cov khoom siv PV feem ntau siv ib qho kev sib tshuam, lossis kev sib tshuam, los tsim cov hluav taws xob hauv ib lub semiconductor xws li PV cell. Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib tshuam PV cell, tsuas yog photons uas nws lub zog sib npaug los yog ntau dua qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm tes tuaj yeem tso cov hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov lus teb photovoltaic ntawm ib leeg-hluav taws xob tsuas yog txwv rau ib feem ntawm lub hnub lub spectrum uas nws lub zog siab tshaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv absorbing, thiab qis zog photons tsis siv.

Ib txoj hauv kev kom tau txais ib puag ncig qhov kev txwv no yog siv ob (lossis ntau dua) cov hlwb sib txawv, nrog ntau tshaj ib qho kev sib txawv thiab ntau tshaj ib qho kev sib tshuam, los tsim kom muaj qhov hluav taws xob. Cov no yog hu ua "multijunction" hlwb (tseem hu ua "cascade" lossis "tandem" cells). Multijunction li tuaj yeem ua tiav tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv ntau dua vim tias lawv tuaj yeem hloov pauv ntau lub zog ntawm lub teeb rau hluav taws xob.

Raws li qhia hauv qab no, ib qho khoom siv sib txuas yog ib pawg ntawm cov tib neeg ib leeg-hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov sib txawv band (piv txwv li). Lub cell sab saum toj ntes cov photons muaj zog heev thiab dhau mus rau qhov seem ntawm cov photons kom absorbed los ntawm qis-band-gap hlwb.

Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no hauv ntau lub hlwb tsom rau gallium arsenide ua ib qho (lossis tag nrho) ntawm cov khoom siv hlwb. Cov hlwb no tau mus txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm thaj tsam 35% nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci tseem ceeb. Lwm cov ntaub ntawv kawm rau cov khoom siv sib txuas tau yog amorphous silicon thiab tooj liab indium diselenide.

Raws li ib qho piv txwv, cov khoom siv sib txuas hauv qab no siv lub xov tooj sab saum toj ntawm gallium indium phosphide, "ib qhov sib txuas," los pab cov ndlwg ntawm electrons ntawm lub hlwb, thiab hauv qab ntawm tes ntawm gallium arsenide.

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